CHAPTER 7
ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS
Specific instructional aims
Students are able to understand and
describe the function of adjective and adverb correctly.
Sub topics
·
adjectives
(adjective of quality, adjective of quantity, possessive adjective, article adjective,
verbal adjective)
·
adverb (adverb qualifying verbs, adverb qualifying adjectives, adverb
qualifying other adverbs)
Adjective
An adjective (from Latin adiicere,
add to) is a class of words that is used to modify or explain a noun or
pronoun. In general, an adjective comes
before the noun or pronoun it modifies, but sometimes it occurs after the noun
or pronoun (following a verb to be).
There are several types of adjective, i.e. adjective of quality, adjective
of quantity, possessive adjective, article adjective, and verbal adjective.
Adjective of quality
Adjective of quality is an
adjective that is used to describe the quality of a noun or pronoun.
Examples:
1. Hot
chilli pepper is more expensive than sweet
chilli pepper during the past three years.
2. Farmers
in Kayu Aro are growing new potato variety.
3. The
big bunch of banana is produced by
plants growing on fertile soil.
4. Many
of tropical crops originated from South Asia and Central Asia.
5. Cacti grow abundantly in arid soils of a desert.
Adjective of quantity
Adjective of quality is an
adjective that is used to describe the quantity of a noun or pronoun. These are: many, much, some, a few,
several, various, a number of, a little, one, two, three, a hundred, one
thousand, etc.
Examples:
1. There
are five mangosteen in the basket.
2. Some
farmers are discussing the irrigation system in the village.
3. Most
of Indonesian farmers are poor and uneducated.
4. Many
of tropical crops originated from South Asia and Central Asia.
5. Agricultural
students will take a field trip to Bangko in a few days.
Possessive adjective
Possessive adjective is an
adjective that shows a possession of something by someone or by other thing. These include: my, our, your, his, her,
their, its, my uncle’s, Rudi’s, etc.
Examples:
1. Our
farms are located around the village.
2. We
want to see her tobacco crops attacked by TMV virus.
3. Budi’s
father is driving his new tractor.
4. Your
garden looks very beautiful.
5. They
are using the planting equipments of their own.
Article adjective
Article adjective is an adjective
indicating the article of something.
There include: a, an, the,
this, these, that and those.
Examples:
1. The
technical irrigation system increases rice production by three times.
2. I
don’t want to eat those mangoes because they are too sour.
3. Do
you want to bring these strawberries home?
4. Jono
is going to rent a hand tractor.
5. My
father is an agricultural extension officer.
Verbal adjective
Verbal adjective is an adjective
derived from a verb. There are two types
of verbal adjective: 1) in the form of
present participle (-ing form), and 2) in the form of past participle (-ed
form).
Examples:
1. The
drying method of wet paddy using solar energy is much cheaper
than using machine.
2. Farmers
in Australia use harvesting machine to pick up their mango fruits.
3. On
an irrigated field we may have three times rice planting a year.
4. An
effective way of preventing plant pest and disease is by applying blended
chemicals.
5. An
improved rice variety will allow farmers to obtain better production.
Adverb
Adverb (Latin: adverbium)
has several functions, i.e. it explains verbs, explains adjectives, and
explains other adverbs or the entire grammatical constructions. In general, an adverb is formed by adding
“ly” to an adjective, such as simultaneous Þ simultaneously, active Þ actively, and
high Þ highly. However, there are
some words ended with “ly” but functioning as adjectives, such as early,
neighborly, ad wifely. On the other
hand, words such as: very, much, many, little, few, so, too, often, always,
seldom, and there, which are not ended with “ly” are adverbs. There are also some words that can function
as an adjective in one time, and also function as an adverb in other time, such
as: long, fast, good, etc. Observe the
following examples.
Adverbs qualifying verbs
1. The
potatoes in the two plots are fertilized simultaneously.
(“simultaneously”
is an adverb qualifying the verb “fertilized”).
2. Virus
disease seriously damage hot peppers grown in Pal Merah.
(“seriously”
is an adverb qualifying the verb “damage”).
3. Jono
is spraying the pesticide carefully.
(“carefully”
is an adverb qualifying the verb “spraying”.
4. The
golden snail can be
easily eradicated by using appropriate
chemicals.
(“easily”
is an adverb qualifying the verb “eradicated”).
5. The
use of foliar fertilizer significantly increase crop production.
(“significantly”
is an adverb qualifying the verb “increase”).
Adverbs
qualifying adjective
1. The
petals of Dendrobium are easily bruised due to hot temperature.
(“easily”
is an adverb qualifying the adjective “bruised”).
2. The
effect of plant growth regulators is highly significant on the growth of single-node cutting of pepper.
(“highly”
is an adverb qualifying the adjective “significant”).
3. The
production of Crude Palm Oil in Jambi is extremely low during the past
two years.
(“extremely”
is an adverb qualifying the adjective “low’).
4. Growing
vegetables is as equally important as growing food crops.
(“equally”
is an adverb qualifying the adjective “important”).
5. The
price of imported seeds is very expensive.
(“very”
is an adverb qualifying the adjective “expensive”).
Adverbs
qualifying other adverb
1. Joko
explains the method of vegetative plant propagation extremely well.
(“extremely”
is an adverb qualifying the adverb “well”).
2. Citrus
crops are very often attacked by virus diseases.
(“very”
is an adverb qualifying the adverb “often”).
3. So
many people are interested in growing medicinal crops for their own use.
(“so”
is an adverb qualifying the adverb “many”).
4. You
will get stomach ache if you drink too much coconut water.
(“too”
is an adverb qualifying the adverb “much”).
5. There
are quite few farmers in our village planting new rice variety.
(“quite”
is an adverb qualifying the adverb “few”).
Words
ended with “ly” but function as adjectives
1. Farmers
are early grower.
(“early”
is an adjective qualifying the noun “grower”).
2. Women
should not neglect their wifely duties.
(“wifely”
is an adjective qualifying the noun “duties”).
3. We
went to a lovely garden near the town hall.
(“lovely”
is an adjective qualifying the noun “garden”).
4. They
put the potato tubers in orderly packages.
(“orderly”
is an adjective qualifying the noun “packages”).
5. Mr.
Hasan is a fatherly teacher in our school.
(“fatherly”
is an adjective qualifying the noun “teacher”).
Words
that can function as adjectives or adverbs
1. We
have a long trip to oil palm plantation in Sibolga.
(“long”
is an adjective qualifying the noun “trip”).
2. Father
wants me to stay in the farm as long as I can.
(“long”
is an adverb qualifying the modal verb “can”).
3. Good
crop maintenance will result in high
production.
(“good”
is an adjective qualifying the noun “crop maintenance”).
4. I
can’t do seed sowing as good as you do.
(“good”
is an adverb qualifying the verb “can’t do”).
5. Aisah
is a fast fruit picker.
(“fast”
is an adjective qualifying the noun “fruit picker”).
6. Aisah
picked up the tomatoes very fast.
(“fast”
is an adverb qualifying the verb “pick up”).
Students’ activity
The following passage contains
adjectives and adverbs you have just learned.
Read the text carefully, and identify the adjectives and adverbs used in
the passage.
The Swainsona formosa plant
Swainsona
formosa is one of Australia’s
native plants, and is one of the world’s most spectacular flowering
plants. The outstanding feature of S.
formosa is its brilliant-colored flowers, from white or pink through to
dark red standard and keel with or without a distinctive boss.
The great potential of S. formosa is as a container-grown ornamental,
either in a flowering pot or hanging basket, or as a cut flower. With ideal growing conditions and intensive
plant care, S. formosa can also be spectacular used as a garden
ornamental. The commercialization of S.
formosa for the cut flower market is quite flexible. It can be marketed either as individual,
single-stemmed flower clusters or as multiple clusters on a leafy branch. Asian markets, particularly Tokyo and Osaka
in Japan, are a potential destination for trade in S. formosa.
However, the commercialization of S. formosa as a cut flower is subject to
a number of limitations. In addition to
color variations, stem length and the number of blooms per cluster, another
impediment to commercialization of S. formosa as a cut flower is the
production of large amounts of pollen in the flowers. This brings about a reduction in flower
quality due to petal staining by the pollen grains that are shed during
transportation. In addition, during
transportation pollination may occur, resulting in the rapid degeneration of
pollinated flowers and thus reduction in the vase-life of the flowers. Flowers
of S. formosa start to senesce
on the plant within 2 - 3 days after effective pollination. Unpollinated flowers, on the other hand, will
remain fresh on the plant for 5 – 10 days.
This indicates that avoiding pollination will increase the vase-life of
harvested flowers.
Research on the breeding of S. formosa
has been conducted with the emphasis on the production of male-sterile
flowers. Two strategies have been used,
an in vitro technique aimed at
producing haploid plants and an in vivo
technique aimed at producing triploid plants. Both haploid and triploid plants
are sterile because where there is an odd number of chromosome sets
reproductive fertility is usually impaired.
This is because during meiosis the normal pairing of chromosomes cannot
properly take place since one set of chromosomes has no homologous set with
which to pair, and so gametes fail to form.
This review begins with the discussion on the significance of
male-sterility, particularly in ornamental plants. A number of factors
affecting male-sterility in plants are then reviewed. The potential of ploidy modification for crop
improvement is described and the methods used in modifying ploidy level,
including haploidysation via anther culture and chromosomes doubling by the use
of chemicals, are discussed. Plant
embryology as a fundamental aspect in plant breeding is also reviewed and discussed
with particular emphasis in legumes.
(Source: Zulkarnain. 2003.
Breeding Strategies in Sturt’s Desert Pea (Swainsona formosa (G.Don)
J.Thompson) Using In Vitro and In Vivo Techniques. PhD Thesis.
The University of New England, Armidale, Australia).
Vocabulary list
arid = keadaan kering (seperti di gurun)
bruised = memar
bunch = ikatan (bunga, sayur, dll).
cacti = kaktus
chilli pepper = cabe (lombok)
coconut water = air kelapa
crop maintenance = pemeliharaan tanaman
cutting = penyetekan (dari kata setek)
Dendrobium = anggrek genus Dendrobium
Dendrobium Golden Shower = jenis anggrek Dendrobium
hibrid
eradicate = eradikasi (pemusnahan)
fruit picker = pemetik buah
mangoes = mangga
mangosteen = manggis
medicinal crops = tanaman obat-obatan
petals = daun mahkota bunga
plant growth
regulator = zat pengatur tumbuh
plots = petak percobaan
potato tubers = umbi kentang
seed sowing = penaburan benih
single-node = nodus tunggal (satu nodus/satu huku)
strawberries = tanaman stroberi
TMV virus = virus TMV (Tomato Mosaic Virus)
vegetatif plant
propagation = perbanyakan tanaman secara vegetatif
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